Evaluation of the efficacy of CIMR (BonAir) verses Ecoquest's low ozone System in Reducing Murine Norovirus Titers Performed by Dr. Lela Riley, RADIL LLC, Columbia MO November 18, 2008
Introduction
Members of the genus Norovirus are nonenveloped viruses with a linear, positive‐sense, single‐stranded RNA genome. Noroviruses are in the family Caliciviridae, which also includes the genera Sapovirus, Lagovirus, and Vesivirus. Formerly known as "Norwalk‐like viruses" or "small round structured viruses," noroviruses cause acute gastroenteritis in humans, typically lasting 24 to 48 h, and infect people of all ages.
Recently, the first murine norovirus, was isolated from mice. This newly described pathogen of mice can be grown in cell culture, providing the first example of a norovirus that can be cultured in vitro. In these studies, the efficacy of CIMR® verses Ecoquest’s low ozone platform has been evaluated against Murine norovirus (MNV), as a representative of the Caliciviridae family, using an in vitro culture system.
Experimental Design
Virus stock and culture
MNV‐4 used in this study was maintained in RAW267.4 cells, a murine macrophage cell line. Cells were grown in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. The virus was propagated, concentrated, and purified. Purified viral stocks were titered via plaque titration. Viral stocks were stored in a ‐80ºC freezer.
Preparation of surfaces
To assess efficacy of the CIMR® and EcoQuest's Low‐Oxidation (ozone) decontamination systems for reducing MNV titers, virus‐contaminated surfaces were exposed to the decontamination system for various time periods. Decontamination was evaluated on three types of surfaces: Stainless steel, carpet and cloth. Stainless steel cassettes measuring 1.5 inches by 1.25 inches were used as the stainless steel surface. Samples of carpet and cloth were cut to 1 inch squares. Prior to the experiment, all surfaces were sterilized in a steam autoclave. To contaminate the surfaces, 200 μL of MNV viral stock (1 x 107 PFU/ml) was pipetted onto the center of each surface, covering ~ 1‐2 cm. The surfaces were allowed to air dry in a type II biosafety cabinet. At the end of the hour, the zero time point control samples were collected and the remaining inoculated surfaces were placed in a humidified 280C incubator for either low oxidation treatment or ozone free treatment. A set of four inoculated samples for each surface
After the specific times of exposure had been reached, the surfaces were immersed into 10 mls DMEM containing 10ug/ml ciprofloxacin. Stainless steel surfaces were scraped with a sterile cell scraper to remove virus from the cassette surface. Carpet and cloth samples were placed in a sterile bag and homogenized for 1 minute in a Stomacher Lab Blender. Samples were removed from the bag and placed in a 15 ml conical centrifuge tube and spun at 1000 x g for 10 minutes to remove residual carpet and cloth fragments. As controls, each surface was inoculated with an equivalent amount of virus and placed in a 280 incubator without treatment to serve as the 24 hour untreated controls. Each of the samples subjected to the decontamination system was tested in quadruplicate at each time point. Controls were also tested in quadruplicate. Data are expressed as an average of all data points.
Calculation of viral titer and viral reduction
After neutralization of the disinfectant in specified volumes of DMEM, stainless steel surfaces were thoroughly scraped with a sterile cell scraper to elute the virus into the DMEM. Carpet and cloth samples were suspended in sterile DMEM and homogenized using a Stomacher blender to release the virus. The viral titer of each eluate was determined inoculating cell cultures with serial ten‐fold dilutions of the eluates, and calculating the tissue culture infective dose 50 (TCID50) based on observations of characteristic cytopathic effects associated with MNV. The final titer was calculated by averaging the individual titers calculated from each replicate and the decrease in viral titer was then calculated.
Results
The following tables summarize the results of these experiments.
Table 1. Reduction in Murine Norovirus Titer Following CIMR® Treatment
Figure 1. Survival of MNV following CIMR® Treatment
Table 2. Survival of Murine Norovirus following Low‐oxidation(ozone) Treatment
Figure 2. Survival of MNV following Low‐Oxidation (ozone) Treatment
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